This study evaluates the treatment of vegetable oil industry wastewater using dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) via modification and surface area expansion of cost-effective electrodes. The modified electrodes were applied as both the anode and cathode to investigate their treatment capacity and electrochemical performance. Carbon paper anodes were modified using TiO₂-HX@MWCNT-COOH-Al₂O₃ composite. Activated carbon powders originating from Bambuseae were used as the low-cost catalyst for the carbon felt cathode. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The electrochemical properties of the MFCs were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). RESULTS: The highest average removal efficiencies of COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD₅ (5-day biochemical oxygen demand), NH₄⁺ (ammonium), NH₃⁻ (nitrate), TSS (total suspended solids), and VSS (volatile suspended solids) were 94 ± 3% (33 kgCOD_rem/m³.d), 89 ± 1% (12 kgBOD_rem/m³.d), 87 ± 1% (0.24 kgNH₄⁺-N_rem/m³.d), 74 ± 3% (0.05 kgNO₃⁻-N/m³.d), 79 ± 2% (1 kgCOD_rem/m³.d), and 65 ± 3% (0.73 kgCOD_rem/m³.d), respectively. The highest average power density of 30 ± 5 W/m³ was obtained when treating vegetable oil industry wastewater. The highest average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 85 ± 3% and energy efficiency (EE) of 35 ± 2% were achieved. The EIS results showed that the high conductivity and large unique surface area significantly enhanced the charge transfer efficiency on the electrode surface. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the TiO₂-HX@MWCNT-COOH-Al₂O₃ composite can be used to reinforce the performance of MFCs.